* A Beautiful Mind (film) - Wikipedia John Forbes Nash Jr.

A Beautiful Mind (film) - Wikipedia

A Beautiful Mind (film)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Beautiful Mind
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRon Howard
Screenplay byAkiva Goldsman
Based onA Beautiful Mind
by Sylvia Nasar
Produced by
Starring
CinematographyRoger Deakins
Edited by
Music byJames Horner
Production
company
Distributed by
Release dates
  • December 13, 2001 (Beverly Hills premiere)
  • December 21, 2001 (United States)
Running time
135 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$58 million[2]
Box office$316.8 million[2]

A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 American biographical drama film about the mathematician John Nash who won a Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, played by Russell Crowe. The film is directed by Ron Howard based on a screenplay by Akiva Goldsman, who adapted the 1998 biography by Sylvia Nasar. In addition to Crowe, the film's cast features Ed Harris, Jennifer Connelly, Paul Bettany, Adam Goldberg, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas, Anthony Rapp, and Christopher Plummer in supporting roles. The story begins in Nash's days as a brilliant but asocial mathematics graduate student at Princeton University. After Nash accepts secretive work in cryptography, he becomes liable to a larger conspiracy and begins to question his reality.

A Beautiful Mind premiered in Beverly Hills on December 13, 2001 before being released theatrically in the United States on December 21, 2001, by Universal Pictures and internationally by DreamWorks Pictures. It received generally positive reviews and went on to gross $316.8 million worldwide against a $58 million budget, and won four Academy Awards, for Best Picture, Best Director (Ron Howard), Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Connelly). It was also nominated for Best Actor, Best Film Editing, Best Makeup, and Best Original Score.

Plot

In 1947, John Nash arrives at Princeton University as a co-recipient, with Martin Hansen, of the Carnegie Scholarship for Mathematics. He meets fellow math and science graduate students Sol, Ainsley, and Bender, and his roommate Charles Herman, a literature student.

Determined to publish an original idea of his own, Nash is inspired when he and his classmates discuss how to approach a group of women at a bar. Nash argues that a cooperative approach would lead to better chances of success, which leads him to develop a new concept of governing dynamics. His theory earns him an appointment at MIT where he chooses Sol and Bender over Hansen to join him.

In 1953, Nash is invited to the Pentagon to decipher encrypted enemy telecommunications. Bored with his work at MIT, he is recruited by the mysterious William Parcher of the United States Department of Defense with a classified assignment: to identify hidden patterns in magazines and newspapers to thwart a Soviet plot. He is given an implanted diode that gives him a passcode to access a drop spot at a mansion. Nash becomes increasingly obsessive with his work and grows paranoid.

Nash falls in love with a student, Alicia Larde, and they eventually marry. After a shootout between Parcher and Soviet agents, Nash tries to quit his assignment but is forced to continue. While delivering a guest lecture at Harvard University, Nash believes Soviet agents are pursuing him and is forcibly sedated. He awakens to a psychiatric facility under the care of Dr. Rosen.

Dr. Rosen tells Alicia that Nash has schizophrenia and that Charles, Marcee (niece of Charles), and Parcher exist only in his imagination. Alicia, Sol and Bender investigate her husband's study, which shows various news and magazine clippings. Alicia uncovers the stack of unopened "classified documents" from the drop point and brings them to Nash, revealing the truth of his assignment. Overcome with shock, Nash slices his arm open to uncover the diode, which doesn't exist. Nash is given a course of insulin shock therapy and eventually released. Frustrated with the side effects of his antipsychotic medication, in particular erectile dysfunction, he secretly stops taking it. He encounters Parcher, who urges him to continue his assignment in a shed near his home.

In 1956, Alicia discovers Nash has relapsed and rushes home. She finds that Nash had left their infant son in the running bathtub, convinced "Charles" was watching the baby. Alicia calls Dr. Rosen, but Nash accidentally hits her and the baby, believing he's saving them from Parcher. As Alicia flees with the baby, Nash realizes that all of them have looked the same ever since he first encountered them, in particular that "Marcee" has always remained a young girl, and concludes they must be hallucinations. Against Dr. Rosen's advice, Nash chooses not to be hospitalized again, believing he can deal with his symptoms himself with Alicia's support.

Nash returns to Princeton, approaching his old rival Hansen, now head of the mathematics department, who allows him to work out of the library and audit classes. Over the next two decades, Nash learns to ignore his hallucinations and, by the late 1970s, is allowed to teach again. In 1994, Nash is awarded the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences for his work on game theory and is honored by his fellow professors. At the Stockholm ceremony, he dedicates the prize to his wife. Nash reencounters Charles, Marcee, and Parcher after the ceremony, but ignores them as he, Alicia, and their son leave.

Cast

Russell Crowe (left) and Jennifer Connelly (right), play John and Alicia Nash, respectively.

Production

Development

From L-R: Director/co-producer Ron Howard, co-producer Brian Grazer and screenwriter Akiva Goldsman

A Beautiful Mind was the second schizophrenia-themed film that Ron Howard had planned to direct. The first, Laws of Madness, would have been based on the true story of schizophrenic Michael Laudor, who overcame difficult odds to graduate from Yale Law School. Howard purchased the rights to Laudor's life story for $1.5 million in 1995 and had Brad Pitt slated to play the lead role. However, after Laudor killed his fiancée in 1998 during a psychotic episode, plans for the movie were cancelled.[3][4]

After producer Brian Grazer first read an excerpt of Sylvia Nasar's 1998 book A Beautiful Mind in Vanity Fair magazine, he immediately purchased the rights to the film. Grazer later said that many A-list directors were calling with their point of view on the project. He eventually brought the project to Ron Howard, his long-time professional partner.[5]

Grazer met with many screenwriters, mostly consisting of "serious dramatists", but he chose Akiva Goldsman because of his strong passion and desire for the project. Goldsman's creative take on the project was to avoid having viewers understand they are viewing an alternative reality until a specific point in the film. This was done to rob the viewers of their understanding and to mimic how Nash comprehended his experiences. Howard agreed to direct the film based on the first draft. He asked Goldsman to emphasize the love story of Nash and his wife; she was critical to his ability to continue living at home.[6]

Dave Bayer, a professor of mathematics at Barnard College, Columbia University,[7] was consulted on the mathematical equations that appear in the film. For the scene where Nash has to teach a calculus class and gives them a complicated problem to keep them busy, Bayer chose a problem physically unrealistic but mathematically very rich, in keeping with Nash as "someone who really doesn't want to teach the mundane details, who will home in on what's really interesting". Bayer received a cameo role as a professor who lays his pen down for Nash in the pen ceremony near the film's end.[8]

Greg Cannom was chosen to create the makeup effects for A Beautiful Mind, specifically the age progression of the characters. Crowe had previously worked with Cannom on The Insider. Howard had also worked with Cannom on Cocoon. Each character's stages of makeup were broken down by the number of years that would pass between levels. Cannom stressed subtlety between the stages, but worked toward the ultimate "Older Nash" stage. The production team originally decided that the makeup department would age Russell Crowe throughout the film; however, at Crowe's request, the makeup was used to push his look to resemble the facial features of John Nash. Cannom developed a new silicone-type makeup that could simulate skin and be used for overlapping applications; this shortened make-up application time from eight to four hours. Crowe was also fitted with several dentures to give him a slight overbite in the film.[9]

Howard and Grazer chose frequent collaborator James Horner to score the film because they knew of his communication ability. Howard said, regarding Horner, "it's like having a conversation with a writer or an actor or another director". A running discussion between the director and the composer was about high-level mathematics being less about numbers and solutions and more akin to a kaleidoscope, in that the ideas evolve and change. After the film's first screening, Horner told Howard: "I see changes occurring like fast-moving weather systems". He chose it as another theme to connect to Nash's ever-changing character. Horner chose Welsh singer Charlotte Church to sing the soprano vocals after deciding that he needed a balance between a child and adult singing voice. He wanted a "purity, clarity and brightness of an instrument" but also a vibrato to maintain the humanity of the voice.[10]

The film was shot 90% chronologically. Three separate trips were made to the Princeton University campus. During filming, Howard decided that Nash's hallucinations should always be introduced first audibly and then visually. This provides a clue for the audience and establishes the hallucinations from Nash's point of view. The historic John Nash had only auditory hallucinations. The filmmakers developed a technique to represent Nash's mental epiphanies. Mathematicians described to them such moments as a sense of "the smoke clearing", "flashes of light" and "everything coming together", so the filmmakers used a flash of light appearing over an object or person to signify Nash's creativity at work.[11] Two night shots were done at Fairleigh Dickinson University's campus in Florham Park, New Jersey, in the Vanderbilt Mansion ballroom.[12] Portions of the film set at Harvard were filmed at Manhattan University.[13] (Harvard has turned down most requests for on-location filming ever since the filming of Love Story (1970), which caused significant physical damage to trees on campus.)[14]

Tom Cruise was considered for the lead role.[15][16] Howard ultimately cast Russell Crowe. For the role of Alicia Nash, Rachel Weisz was offered the role but turned it down. Charlize Theron and Julia Ormond auditioned for the role. According to Ron Howard, the four finalists for the role of Alicia were Ashley Judd, Claire Forlani, Mary McCormack and Jennifer Connelly, with Connelly winning the role. Before the casting of Connelly, Hilary Swank and Salma Hayek were also candidates for the part.

Writing

The film's narrative differs considerably from the events of Nash's life in many respects, as filmmakers used artistic license to create a compelling film. Most prominently, few of the characters in the film, besides John and Alicia Nash, correspond directly to actual people.[17] A Beautiful Mind has been criticized for neglecting factual events, but the filmmakers said they never intended a literal representation of his life.[18] The PBS documentary A Brilliant Madness tried to portray his life more accurately.[19]

One difficulty was finding a method to visually depict Nash's mental illness.[20] In reality, Nash never had visual hallucinations: Charles Herman (the "roommate"), Marcee Herman and William Parcher (the Defense agent) are a scriptwriter's invention. Sylvia Nasar said that the filmmakers "invented a narrative that, while far from a literal telling, is true to the spirit of Nash's story".[21] Nash spent his years between Princeton and MIT as a consultant for the RAND Corporation in California, but in the film he is portrayed as having worked for the Department of Defense at the Pentagon instead. His handlers, both from faculty and administration, had to introduce him to assistants and strangers.[11]

The Nash equilibrium discussion was criticized as over-simplified. In the film, Nash has schizophrenic hallucinations while he is in graduate school, but in his life he did not have this experience until some years later. No mention is made of Nash's alleged homosexual experiences at RAND.[21] Nash's biographer notes he was arrested in a 1954 police sting operation targeting gay men in Santa Monica and subsequently lost his security clearance, but charges were dropped and there is no evidence Nash was ever sexually active with men.[22] Furthermore, both Nash and his wife denied these encounters occurred.[23] Nash fathered a son, John David Stier (born June 19, 1953), by Eleanor Agnes Stier (1921–2005), a nurse whom he abandoned when she told him of her pregnancy.[24] The film did not include Alicia's divorce of John in 1963. It was not until after Nash won the Nobel Memorial Prize in 1994 that they renewed their relationship. In 1970, Alicia allowed him to live with her as a boarder. They remarried in 2001.[25]

Nash is shown to join Wheeler Laboratory at MIT, but no such lab exists. Instead, he was appointed as C. L. E. Moore instructor at MIT, and later as a professor.[26] The film furthermore does not touch on the revolutionary work of John Nash in differential geometry and partial differential equations, such as the Nash embedding theorem or his proof of Hilbert's nineteenth problem, work which he did in his time at MIT and for which he was given the Abel Prize in 2015. The so-called pen ceremony tradition at Princeton shown in the film is fictitious.[11][27] The film has Nash saying in 1994: "I take the newer medications". He did not take any medication from 1970 onward, something highlighted in Nasar's biography. Howard later stated that they added the line of dialogue because they worried that the film would be criticized for suggesting that all people with schizophrenia can overcome their illness without medication.[11] In addition, Nash never gave an acceptance speech for his Nobel prize.

Soundtrack

Main article: A Beautiful Mind (soundtrack)

Release

A Beautiful Mind received a limited release on December 13, 2001, and received positive reviews. Crowe received wide acclaim for his performance. It was later released in the United States on December 21, 2001.

A Beautiful Mind was released on VHS and DVD, in wide- and full-screen editions, in North America on June 25, 2002.[28] The DVD set includes audio commentaries, deleted scenes, and documentaries.[29] The film was also released on Blu-ray in North America on January 25, 2011.[30]

Reception

Box office

During the five-day weekend of the limited release, A Beautiful Mind opened at the #12 spot at the box office,[31] peaking at the #2 spot following the wide release.[32] The film went on to gross $170,742,341 in the United States and Canada and $313,542,341 worldwide.[2]

Critical response

On Rotten Tomatoes, A Beautiful Mind holds an approval rating of 74% based on 214 reviews and an average score of 7.20/10. The website's critical consensus states: "The well-acted A Beautiful Mind is both a moving love story and a revealing look at mental illness."[33] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 72 out of 100 based on 33 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews.[34] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.[35]

Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film four out of four stars.[36] Mike Clark of USA Today gave three-and-a-half out of four stars and also praised Crowe's performance, calling it a welcome follow-up to Howard's previous film, 2000's How the Grinch Stole Christmas.[37] Desson Thomson of The Washington Post found the film to be "one of those formulaically rendered Important Subject movies".[38] The portrayal of mathematics in the film was praised by the mathematics community, including John Nash himself.[8]

John Sutherland of The Guardian noted the film's biopic distortions, but said that "Howard pulls off an extraordinary trick in A Beautiful Mind by seducing the audience into Nash's paranoid world. We may not leave the cinema with A-level competence in game theory, but we do get a glimpse into what it feels like to be mad - and not know it."[39]

Writing in the Los Angeles Times, Lisa Navarrette criticized the casting of Jennifer Connelly as Alicia Nash as an example of whitewashing. Alicia Nash was born in El Salvador and had an accent not portrayed in the film.[40]

Shailee Koranne of CBC Arts argued that the film presents an unrealistic or inappropriate depiction of the disorder schizophrenia, which the protagonist John Nash suffers from, stating that it places too much emphasis on “fixing” the disorder.[41]

In June 2025, entertainer Mel Brooks cited A Beautiful Mind as among his favorite films of the 21st century.[42]

In July 2025, it was one of the films voted for the "Readers' Choice" edition of The New York Times' list of "The 100 Best Movies of the 21st Century," finishing at number 265.[43]

Awards and nominations

AwardCategoryRecipientResult
Academy Awards[44]Best PictureBrian Grazer and Ron HowardWon
Best DirectorRon HowardWon
Best ActorRussell CroweNominated
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or PublishedAkiva GoldsmanWon
Best Film EditingMike Hill and Daniel P. HanleyNominated
Best MakeupGreg Cannom and Colleen CallaghanNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Amanda AwardsBest Foreign Feature FilmRon HowardNominated
American Cinema Editors AwardsBest Edited Feature Film – DramaticMike Hill and Daniel P. HanleyNominated
American Film Institute Awards[45]Movie of the YearNominated
Actor of the Year – Male – MoviesRussell CroweNominated
Featured Actor of the Year – Female – MoviesJennifer ConnellyWon
Screenwriter of the YearAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Artios Awards[46]Outstanding Achievement in Feature Film Casting – DramaJane Jenkins and Janet HirshensonNominated
ASCAP Film and Television Music AwardsTop Box Office FilmsJames HornerWon
Australian Film Institute Awards[47]Best Foreign FilmBrian Grazer and Ron HowardNominated
Awards Circuit Community AwardsBest Actor in a Leading RoleRussell CroweWon
Best Actress in a Supporting RoleJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Adapted ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Best Cast EnsemblePaul Bettany, Jennifer Connelly, Russell Crowe, Adam Goldberg,
Jason Gray-Stanford, Ed Harris, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas,
Austin Pendleton, Christopher Plummer, and Anthony Rapp		Nominated
British Academy Film Awards[48]Best FilmBrian Grazer and Ron HowardNominated
Best DirectionRon HowardNominated
Best Actor in a Leading RoleRussell CroweWon
Best Actress in a Supporting RoleJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Adapted ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Chicago Film Critics Association Awards[49]Best FilmNominated
Best DirectorRon HowardNominated
Best ActorRussell CroweNominated
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyNominated
Best ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Christopher AwardsFeature FilmWon
Critics' Choice Awards[50]Best PictureWon
Best DirectorRon HowardWon[a]
Best ActorRussell CroweWon
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon
Best ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Czech Lion AwardsBest Foreign FilmNominated
Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association AwardsBest PictureWon
Best DirectorRon HowardWon
Best ActorRussell CroweWon
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyNominated
Directors Guild of America Awards[51]Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion PicturesRon HowardWon
DVD Exclusive AwardsBest Audio Commentary – New ReleaseNominated
Original Retrospective Documentary – New ReleaseColleen A. Benn and Marian MansiNominated
Empire AwardsBest ActressJennifer ConnellyNominated
Golden Eagle Awards[52]Best Foreign Language FilmRon HowardNominated
Golden Globe Awards[53]Best Motion Picture – DramaWon
Best Actor in a Motion Picture – DramaRussell CroweWon
Best Supporting Actress – Motion PictureJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Director – Motion PictureRon HowardNominated
Best Screenplay – Motion PictureAkiva GoldsmanWon
Best Original Score – Motion PictureJames HornerNominated
Golden Reel Awards[54]Best Sound Editing – Dialogue & ADR, Domestic Feature FilmAnthony J. Ciccolini III, Deborah Wallach,
Stan Bochner, Louis Cerborino, and Marc Laub		Nominated
Best Sound Editing – Music (Foreign & Domestic)Jim HenriksonNominated
Golden Schmoes AwardsBest Actor of the YearRussell CroweNominated
Best Supporting Actress of the YearJennifer ConnellyWon
GoldSpirit AwardsBest SoundtrackJames HornerNominated
Best Drama SoundtrackNominated
Grammy Awards[55]Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual MediaA Beautiful Mind: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack – James HornerNominated
Humanitas Prize[56]Feature Film CategoryAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Kansas City Film Critics Circle Awards[57]Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon[b]
Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards[58]Best Supporting ActressNominated
London Film Critics Circle AwardsBritish Supporting Actor of the YearPaul BettanyNominated
MTV Movie Awards[59]Best Male PerformanceRussell CroweNominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards[60]Best PictureBrian Grazer and Ron HowardNominated
Best ActorRussell CroweNominated
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Adapted ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Online Film Critics Society Awards[61]Best ActorRussell CroweNominated
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon
Producers Guild of America Awards[62]Outstanding Producer of Theatrical Motion PicturesBrian Grazer and Ron HowardNominated
Phoenix Film Critics Society AwardsBest PictureNominated
Best DirectorRon HowardNominated
Best Actor in a Leading RoleRussell CroweWon
Best Actress in a Supporting RoleJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Screenplay – AdaptationAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Russian Guild of Film Critics AwardsBest Foreign ActorRussell CroweNominated
San Diego Film Critics Society AwardsBest ActorNominated
Satellite Awards[63]Best Actor in a Motion Picture – DramaNominated
Best Supporting Actor in a Motion Picture – DramaEd HarrisNominated
Best Supporting Actress in a Motion Picture – DramaJennifer ConnellyWon
Best Adapted ScreenplayAkiva GoldsmanNominated
Best EditingMike Hill and Daniel P. HanleyNominated
Best Original ScoreJames HornerNominated
Best Original Song"All Love Can Be"
Music by James Horner;
Lyrics by Will Jennings		Won
Screen Actors Guild Awards[64]Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion PicturePaul Bettany, Jennifer Connelly, Russell Crowe, Adam Goldberg,
Jason Gray-Stanford, Ed Harris, Judd Hirsch, Josh Lucas,
Austin Pendleton, Christopher Plummer, and Anthony Rapp		Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading RoleRussell CroweWon
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Leading RoleJennifer ConnellyNominated
Southeastern Film Critics Association Awards[65]Best Picture7th Place[c]
Best Supporting ActressJennifer ConnellyWon[d]
Teen Choice AwardsChoice Movie – Drama/Action AdventureNominated
Turkish Film Critics Association AwardsBest Foreign Film12th Place
USC Scripter Awards[66]Akiva Goldsman (screenwriter); Sylvia Nasar (author)Won
Vancouver Film Critics Circle Awards[67]Best ActorRussell CroweNominated
Voices in the Shadow Dubbing FestivalBest Male VoiceFabrizio Pucci (for the dubbing of Russell Crowe)Nominated
World Soundtrack Awards[68]Soundtrack Composer of the YearJames HornerNominated
Writers Guild of America Awards[69]Best Screenplay – Based on Material Previously Produced or PublishedAkiva GoldsmanWon
Yoga AwardsWorst Foreign DirectorRon HowardWon

See also

Notes

  1.  Tied with Baz Luhrmann for Moulin Rouge!.
  2.  Tied with Maggie Smith for Gosford Park.
  3.  Tied with Mulholland Drive.
  4.  Tied with Maggie Smith for Gosford Park and Marisa Tomei for In the Bedroom.

References

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  2.  "A Beautiful Mind (2001)". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
  3.  Abramowitz, Rachel (March 25, 2002). "In a Crisis, It Was a 'Beautiful' Job". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  4.  Friedman, Roger (February 15, 2002). "Exclusive: Ron Howard Changed His Mind; and Screenwriter Admits to 'Semi-Fictional Movie'". Fox News. Retrieved April 24, 2023.
  5.  "A Beautiful Partnership: Ron Howard and Brian Grazer", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  6.  "Development of the Screenplay", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  7.  "Dave Bayer: Professor of Mathematics". Barnard College, Columbia University. Archived from the original on May 11, 2012. Retrieved May 8, 2011.
  8.  "Beautiful Math" (PDF). June 2, 2002. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved October 20, 2015.
  9.  "The Process of Age Progression", from A Beautiful Mind DVD. 2002.
  10.  "Scoring the Film", from A Beautiful Mind DVD, 2002.
  11.  A Beautiful Mind DVD commentary featuring Ron Howard, 2002.
  12.  "The Vanderbilt-Twombly Florham Estate / Fairleigh Dickinson University". Retrieved April 18, 2022.
  13.  "10 Movies Filmed in Manhattan College's Backyard". Archived from the original on October 25, 2015.
  14.  Schwartz, Nathaniel L. (September 21, 1999). "University, Hollywood Relationship Not Always a 'Love Story'". The Harvard Crimson. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2020.
  15.  "A Beautiful Mind Preview". Entertainment Weekly. October 24, 2001. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014.
  16.  Lyndall Bell (May 23, 2013). "Tales from A Beautiful Mind". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. it was potentially going to be a Robert Redford/Tom Cruise film.
  17.  Sylvia Nasar, A Beautiful Mind, Touchstone 1998.
  18.  "Ron Howard Interview". About.com. Archived from the original on January 9, 2012. Retrieved September 27, 2012.
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  20.  "A Beautiful Mind". Mathematical Association of America. Archived from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved October 13, 2013.
  21.  "A Real Number". Slate Magazine. December 21, 2001. Archived from the original on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  22.  Nasar, Sylvia (March 25, 2002). "The sum of a man". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2012. Contrary to widespread references to Nash's "numerous homosexual liaisons", he was not gay. While he had several emotionally intense relationships with other men when he was in his early 20s, I never interviewed anyone who claimed, much less provided evidence, that Nash ever had sex with another man. Nash was arrested in a police trap in a public lavatory in Santa Monica in 1954, at the height of the McCarthy hysteria. The military think-tank where he was a consultant, stripped him of his top-secret security clearance and fired him ... The charge – indecent exposure – was dropped.
  23.  "Nash: Film No Whitewash". CBS News: 60 Minutes. March 14, 2002. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
  24.  Goldstein, Scott (April 10, 2005). "Eleanor Stier, 84". The Boston Globe. Archived from the original on May 8, 2008. Retrieved December 5, 2007.
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  27.  "FAQ John Nash". Seeley G. Mudd Library at Princeton University. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
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  32.  "Weekend Box Office Results for January 4–6, 2002". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Archived from the original on January 13, 2012. Retrieved May 22, 2008.
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  35.  "Home". CinemaScore. Retrieved February 25, 2022.
  36.  Ebert, Roger. "A Beautiful Mind". Chicago Sun-Times. RogerEbert.com. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012.
  37.  Clark, Mike (December 20, 2001). "Crowe brings to 'Mind' a great performance". USA Today. Archived from the original on July 13, 2007. Retrieved August 27, 2007.
  38.  Howe, Desson (December 21, 2001). "'Beautiful Mind': A Terrible Thing to Waste". Archived from the original on December 10, 2017 – via www.washingtonpost.com.
  39.  Sutherland, John (March 17, 2002). "Beautiful mind, lousy character". The Guardian. Archived from the original on October 28, 2016.
  40.  Navarrette, Lisa (April 1, 2002). "Why the Whitewashing of Alicia Nash?". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  41.  Koranne, Shailee (March 29, 2022). "How schizophrenia is misrepresented in TV and film — and how we can do better". CBC Arts. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved December 28, 2024.
  42.  "Pedro Almódovar, Sofia Coppola and 117 Other Famous Names Share Their Top Movies of the 21st Century". The New York Times. June 23, 2025.
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Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related to A Beautiful Mind.


===

뷰티풀 마인드 (2001년 영화)

위키백과, 우리 모두의 백과사전.
뷰티풀 마인드
A Beautiful Mind
감독론 하워드
각본아키바 골즈만
제작브라이언 그레이저
론 하워드
출연러셀 크로
제니퍼 코넬리
촬영로저 디킨스
편집다니엘 P. 핸리
마이크 힐
음악제임스 호너
제작사드림웍스 픽처스 (제공)
유니버설 픽처스 (제공)
이매진 엔터테인먼트 (제공)
배급사유니버설 픽처스
개봉일2001년 12월 21일 (미국)
2002년 2월 22일 (대한민국)
시간135분
국가 미국
언어영어
제작비$58,000,000[1]
흥행수익미국 $313,542,341[1]

《뷰티풀 마인드》(영어: A Beautiful Mind)는 미국에서 2001년, 대한민국에서 2002년 개봉된 영화로, 노벨 경제학상을 수상한 미국의 수학자 존 포브스 내쉬의 삶을 다룬 영화이다. 영화 제작자 브라이언 그레이저가 존 내시에 관한 이야기를 듣고 영화를 제작하기로 결정하였고, 적합한 감독을 찾던 중에 자신과 생각이 같은 존 시나 감독이 연출을 맡았다. 주인공 존 내쉬역은 뉴질랜드 출신 영화 배우 러셀 크로우가 담당했다. 스토리 라인을 따라 진행된 독특한 연속 촬영 방식이 사용되었다.[2]

대한민국에서는 CJ 엔터테인먼트에서 수입해 2002년 2월 22일에 개봉하였다.

또한 2002년 아카데미상 최우수작품상을 수상한 작품이기도 하다.

줄거리

1947년, 존 내시는 수학 카네기 장학금 공동 수상자로 마틴 핸슨과 함께 프린스턴 대학교에 입학한다. 그는 동료 수학 및 과학 대학원생인 솔, 아인슬리, 벤더와 룸메이트인 문학 학생 찰스 허먼을 만난다.

자신만의 독창적인 아이디어를 발표하기로 결심한 내시는 술집에서 한 무리의 여성들에게 어떻게 접근할지에 대해 급우들과 토론하는 동안 영감을 받는다. 내시는 협력적인 접근 방식이 성공 가능성을 높일 것이라고 주장하며, 이는 그가 지배 역학에 대한 새로운 개념을 개발하는 데 이르게 한다. 그의 이론은 그에게 MIT에서 일할 기회를 주었고, 그는 핸슨 대신 솔과 벤더를 선택하여 그와 함께한다.

1953년, 내시는 암호화된 적의 통신을 해독하기 위해 펜타곤으로 초대된다. MIT에서의 작업에 지루함을 느끼던 그는 미국 국방부의 신비한 윌리엄 파처에게 스카우트되어 기밀 임무를 맡는다: 잡지와 신문에 숨겨진 패턴을 식별하여 소련의 음모를 저지하는 것. 그는 저택의 드롭 지점에 접근할 수 있는 암호를 제공하는 삽입된 다이오드를 받는다. 내시는 자신의 작업에 점점 더 집착하고 편집증적으로 변한다.

내시는 학생인 앨리샤 라드와 사랑에 빠지고 결국 결혼한다. 파처와 소련 요원들 간의 총격전 이후, 내시는 임무를 그만두려 하지만 강제로 계속하게 된다. 하버드 대학교에서 초청 강연을 하던 중, 내시는 소련 요원들이 자신을 쫓고 있다고 믿고 강제로 진정제를 맞는다. 그는 로젠 박사의 보살핌을 받으며 정신과 시설에서 깨어난다.

로젠 박사는 앨리샤에게 내시가 조현병을 앓고 있으며, 찰스, 마시(찰스의 조카), 파처는 그의 상상 속에만 존재한다고 말한다. 앨리샤, 솔, 벤더는 그녀의 남편의 서재를 조사하는데, 그곳에는 다양한 뉴스 및 잡지 스크랩이 있다. 앨리샤는 드롭 지점에서 개봉되지 않은 "기밀 문서" 더미를 발견하고 내시에게 가져다주어 그의 임무의 진실을 밝힌다. 충격에 휩싸인 내시는 다이오드를 찾기 위해 팔을 찢지만, 다이오드는 존재하지 않는다. 내시는 인슐린 쇼크 요법을 받고 결국 퇴원한다. 항정신병제제 약물의 부작용에 좌절한 그는 몰래 복용을 중단한다. 그는 집 근처 창고에서 임무를 계속하라고 재촉하는 파처를 만난다.

1956년, 앨리샤는 내시가 재발했음을 발견하고 집으로 서둘러 돌아온다. 그녀는 내시가 "찰스"가 아기를 지켜보고 있다고 확신하며 갓난아들을 물이 틀어진 욕조에 남겨두었음을 발견한다. 앨리샤는 로젠 박사에게 전화하지만, 내시는 파처로부터 그들을 구한다고 믿으며 실수로 그녀와 아기를 때린다. 앨리샤가 아기를 데리고 도망치자, 내시는 그들이 처음 만났을 때부터 모두 똑같이 생겼다는 것, 특히 "마시"는 항상 어린 소녀로 남아있었다는 것을 깨닫고 그들이 환각임에 틀림없다고 결론짓는다. 로젠 박사의 조언에도 불구하고, 내시는 앨리샤의 도움으로 스스로 증상을 다룰 수 있다고 믿으며 다시 입원하지 않기로 결정한다.

내시는 프린스턴으로 돌아가 그의 옛 경쟁자이자 현재 수학과 학과장인 핸슨에게 접근하여 도서관에서 작업하고 수업을 수강할 수 있도록 허락받는다. 다음 20년 동안 내시는 환각을 무시하는 법을 배우고, 1970년대 후반에는 다시 강의할 수 있게 된다. 1994년, 내시는 게임 이론에 대한 공로로 노벨 경제학상을 수상하고 동료 교수들로부터 영예를 얻는다. 스톡홀름 시상식에서 그는 상을 아내에게 바친다. 내시는 시상식 후 찰스, 마시, 파처를 다시 만나지만, 그와 앨리샤, 그리고 그들의 아들이 떠나면서 그들을 무시한다.


===


A Beautiful Mind (book)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A Beautiful Mind
Front cover
AuthorSylvia Nasar
Original titleA Beautiful Mind: a Biography of John Forbes Nash, Jr., Winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, 1994
LanguageEnglish
SubjectJohn Forbes Nash Jr.
GenreBiography
Published1998 (Simon & Schuster)
Publication placeUnited States
Media typePrint (Hardcover, paperback)
Pages460
ISBN0-684-81906-6
OCLC38377745
510/.92 B 21
LC ClassQA29.N25 N37 1998

A Beautiful Mind is a 1998 unauthorized biography of Nobel Prize-winning economist and mathematician John Nash by Sylvia Nasar, professor of journalism at Columbia University.

The book won the National Book Critics Circle Award in 1998 and was nominated for the Pulitzer Prize in biography. However, A Beautiful Mind has been criticized for factual errors and uncritical reliance on interview sources. This was later adapted into the film A Beautiful Mind in 2001 directed by Ron Howard and starring Russell Crowe as Nash.

Scope

Starting with his childhood, the book covers Nash's years at Princeton and MIT, his work for the RAND Corporation, his family and his struggle with schizophrenia.

Although Nasar notes that Nash did not consider himself a homosexual, she describes his arrest for indecent exposure and firing from RAND amid the suspicion that he was; at the time, it was considered grounds for revoking one's security clearance.[1]

The book ends with Nash being awarded the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1994. The book is a detailed description of many aspects of Nash's life, including the nature of his mathematical genius, and a close examination of his personality and motivations.

Reception

The book won the 1998 National Book Critics Circle Award for biography, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize for biography,[2] and was shortlisted for the Rhône-Poulenc Prize in 1999.[3] The book also appeared on The New York Times Bestseller List for biography.

Criticism

John Milnor described the book as "a drastic violation of the privacy of its subject", noting the ethical issues posed by an unauthorized biography prepared without the cooperation of Nash himself.[4] While acknowledging Nasar's extensive research, Milnor observed that "mathematical statements and proper names are sometimes a bit garbled".[4]

Game theorist Martin J. Osborne published a detailed critique noting "many errors and oddities", including misattributions, exaggerated anecdotes, and quotations presented without proper context.[5] Osborne criticized Nasar's tendency to uncritically transmit material from interviews, contrasting her presentation of John von Neumann anecdotes with more careful treatments by other biographers. He also identified errors in the book's explanations of game theory concepts.[5]

Adaptation

The book inspired the film A Beautiful Mind, directed by Ron Howard and starring Russell Crowe and Jennifer Connelly as John Nash and his wife Alicia Nash respectively. It won numerous awards, including the Academy Award for Best Picture and Best Adapted Screenplay for 2001 at the 74th Academy Awards.[6][7]

References

===

John Forbes Nash Jr.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the mathematician. For other similarly named people, see John Nash (disambiguation).
John Forbes Nash Jr.
Nash in the 2000s
BornJune 13, 1928
Bluefield, West Virginia, U.S.
DiedMay 23, 2015 (aged 86)
Monroe Township, New Jersey, U.S.
Education
Known for
Spouses
Children2
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
Institutions
ThesisNon-Cooperative Games (1950)
Doctoral advisorAlbert W. Tucker

John Forbes Nash Jr. (June 13, 1928 – May 23, 2015), known and published as John Nash, was an American mathematician who made fundamental contributions to game theory, real algebraic geometry, differential geometry, and partial differential equations.[1][2] Nash and fellow game theorists John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten were awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Economics.[3] In 2015, Louis Nirenberg and he were awarded the Abel Prize for their contributions to the field of partial differential equations.

As a graduate student in the Princeton University Department of Mathematics, Nash introduced a number of concepts (including the Nash equilibrium and the Nash bargaining solution), which are now considered central to game theory and its applications in various sciences. In the 1950s, Nash discovered and proved the Nash embedding theorems by solving a system of nonlinear partial differential equations arising in Riemannian geometry. This work, also introducing a preliminary form of the Nash–Moser theorem, was later recognized by the American Mathematical Society with the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research. Ennio De Giorgi and Nash found, with separate methods, a body of results paving the way for a systematic understanding of elliptic and parabolic partial differential equations. Their De Giorgi–Nash theorem on the smoothness of solutions of such equations resolved Hilbert's nineteenth problem on regularity in the calculus of variations, which had been a well-known open problem for almost 60 years.

In 1959 (age 31), Nash began showing signs of mental illness and spent several years at psychiatric hospitals being treated for schizophrenia. After 1970, his condition slowly improved, allowing him to return to academic work by the mid-1980s.[4]

Nash's life was the subject of Sylvia Nasar's 1998 biographical book A Beautiful Mind, and his struggles with his illness and his recovery became the basis for a film of the same name directed by Ron Howard, in which Nash was portrayed by Russell Crowe.[5][6][7]

Early life and education

John Forbes Nash Jr. was born on June 13, 1928, in Bluefield, West Virginia. His father and namesake, John Forbes Nash Sr., was an electrical engineer for the Appalachian Electric Power Company. His mother, Margaret Virginia (née Martin) Nash, had been a schoolteacher before she was married. He was baptized in the Episcopal Church.[8] He had a younger sister, Martha (born November 16, 1930).[9]

Nash attended kindergarten and public school, and he learned from books provided by his parents and grandparents.[9] Nash's parents pursued opportunities to supplement their son's education, and arranged for him to take advanced mathematics courses at nearby Bluefield College (now Bluefield University) during his final year of high school. He attended Carnegie Institute of Technology (which later became Carnegie Mellon University) through a full benefit of the George Westinghouse Scholarship, initially majoring in chemical engineering. He switched to a chemistry major and eventually, at the advice of his teacher John Lighton Synge, to mathematics. After graduating in 1948, with both bachelor of science and master of science degrees in mathematics, Nash accepted a fellowship to Princeton University, where he pursued further graduate studies in mathematics and sciences.[9]

Nash's adviser and former Carnegie Tech professor Richard Duffin wrote a letter of recommendation for Nash's entrance to Princeton, stating, "He is a mathematical genius."[10][11] Nash was also accepted at Harvard University, along with the University of Chicago and the University of Michigan. However, the chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton, Solomon Lefschetz, offered him the John S. Kennedy fellowship, convincing Nash that Princeton valued him more.[12] Further, he considered Princeton more favorably because of its proximity to his family in Bluefield.[9] At Princeton, he began work on his equilibrium theory, later known as the Nash equilibrium.[13]

Research contributions

Nash in November 2006 at a game theory conference in Cologne, Germany

Nash did not publish extensively, although many of his papers are considered landmarks in their fields.[14] As a graduate student at Princeton, he made foundational contributions to game theory and real algebraic geometry. As a postdoctoral fellow at MIT, Nash turned to differential geometry. Although the results of Nash's work on differential geometry are phrased in a geometrical language, the work is almost entirely to do with the mathematical analysis of partial differential equations.[15] After proving his two isometric embedding theorems, Nash turned to research dealing directly with partial differential equations, where he discovered and proved the De Giorgi–Nash theorem, thereby resolving one form of Hilbert's nineteenth problem.

In 2011, the National Security Agency declassified letters written by Nash in the 1950s, in which he had proposed a new encryption–decryption machine.[16] The letters show that Nash had anticipated many concepts of modern cryptography, which are based on computational hardness.[17]

Game theory

Nash earned a PhD in 1950 with a 28-page dissertation on noncooperative games.[18][19] The thesis, written under the supervision of doctoral advisor Albert W. Tucker, contained the definition and properties of the Nash equilibrium, a crucial concept in noncooperative games. A version of his thesis was published a year later in the Annals of Mathematics.[20] In the early 1950s, Nash carried out research on a number of related concepts in game theory, including the theory of cooperative games.[21] For his work, Nash was one of the recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences in 1994.

Real algebraic geometry

In 1949, while still a graduate student, Nash found a new result in the mathematical field of real algebraic geometry.[22] He announced his theorem in a contributed paper at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 1950, although he had not yet worked out the details of its proof.[23] Nash's theorem was finalized by October 1951, when Nash submitted his work to the Annals of Mathematics.[24] It had been well-known since the 1930s that every closed smooth manifold is diffeomorphic to the zero set of some collection of smooth functions on Euclidean space. In his work, Nash proved that those smooth functions can be taken to be polynomials.[25] This was widely regarded as a surprising result,[22] since the class of smooth functions and smooth manifolds is usually far more flexible than the class of polynomials. Nash's proof introduced the concepts now known as Nash function and Nash manifold, which have since been widely studied in real algebraic geometry.[25][26] Nash's theorem itself was famously applied by Michael Artin and Barry Mazur to the study of dynamical systems, by combining Nash's polynomial approximation together with Bézout's theorem.[27][28]

Differential geometry

During his postdoctoral position at MIT, Nash was eager to find high-profile mathematical problems to study.[29] From Warren Ambrose, a differential geometer, he learned about the conjecture that any Riemannian manifold is isometric to a submanifold of Euclidean space. Nash's results proving the conjecture are now known as the Nash embedding theorems, the second of which Mikhael Gromov has called "one of the main achievements of mathematics of the 20th century".[30]

Nash's first embedding theorem was found in 1953.[29] He found that any Riemannian manifold can be isometrically embedded in a Euclidean space by a continuously differentiable mapping.[31] Nash's construction allows the codimension of the embedding to be very small, with the effect that in many cases it is logically impossible that a highly-differentiable isometric embedding exists. (Based on Nash's techniques, Nicolaas Kuiper soon found even smaller codimensions, with the improved result often known as the Nash–Kuiper theorem.) As such, Nash's embeddings are limited to the setting of low differentiability. For this reason, Nash's result is somewhat outside the mainstream in the field of differential geometry, where high differentiability is significant in much of the usual analysis.[32][33]

However, the logic of Nash's work has been found to be useful in many other contexts in mathematical analysis. Starting with work of Camillo De Lellis and László Székelyhidi, the ideas of Nash's proof were applied for various constructions of turbulent solutions of the Euler equations in fluid mechanics.[34][35] In the 1970s, Mikhael Gromov developed Nash's ideas into the general framework of convex integration,[33] which has been (among other uses) applied by Stefan Müller and Vladimír Šverák to construct counterexamples to generalized forms of Hilbert's nineteenth problem in the calculus of variations.[36]

Nash found the construction of smoothly differentiable isometric embeddings to be unexpectedly difficult.[29] However, after around a year and a half of intensive work, his efforts succeeded, thereby proving the second Nash embedding theorem.[37] The ideas involved in proving this second theorem are largely separate from those used in proving the first. The fundamental aspect of the proof is an implicit function theorem for isometric embeddings. The usual formulations of the implicit function theorem are inapplicable, for technical reasons related to the loss of regularity phenomena. Nash's resolution of this issue, given by deforming an isometric embedding by an ordinary differential equation along which extra regularity is continually injected, is regarded as a fundamentally novel technique in mathematical analysis.[38] Nash's paper was awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize for Seminal Contribution to Research in 1999, where his "most original idea" in the resolution of the loss of regularity issue was cited as "one of the great achievements in mathematical analysis in this century".[15] According to Gromov:[30]

You must be a novice in analysis or a genius like Nash to believe anything like that can be ever true and/or to have a single nontrivial application.

Due to Jürgen Moser's extension of Nash's ideas for application to other problems (notably in celestial mechanics), the resulting implicit function theorem is known as the Nash–Moser theorem. It has been extended and generalized by a number of other authors, among them Gromov, Richard Hamilton, Lars Hörmander, Jacob Schwartz, and Eduard Zehnder.[33][38] Nash himself analyzed the problem in the context of analytic functions.[39] Schwartz later commented that Nash's ideas were "not just novel, but very mysterious," and that it was very hard to "get to the bottom of it."[29] According to Gromov:[30]

Nash was solving classical mathematical problems, difficult problems, something that nobody else was able to do, not even to imagine how to do it. ...  what Nash discovered in the course of his constructions of isometric embeddings is far from 'classical' – it is something that brings about a dramatic alteration of our understanding of the basic logic of analysis and differential geometry. Judging from the classical perspective, what Nash has achieved in his papers is as impossible as the story of his life ... [H]is work on isometric immersions ... opened a new world of mathematics that stretches in front of our eyes in yet unknown directions and still waits to be explored.

Partial differential equations

While spending time at the Courant Institute in New York City, Louis Nirenberg informed Nash of a well-known conjecture in the field of elliptic partial differential equations.[40] In 1938, Charles Morrey had proved a fundamental elliptic regularity result for functions of two independent variables, but analogous results for functions of more than two variables had proved elusive. After extensive discussions with Nirenberg and Lars Hörmander, Nash was able to extend Morrey's results, not only to functions of more than two variables, but also to the context of parabolic partial differential equations.[41] In his work, as in Morrey's, uniform control over the continuity of the solutions to such equations is achieved, without assuming any level of differentiability on the coefficients of the equation. The Nash inequality was a particular result found in the course of his work (the proof of which Nash attributed to Elias Stein), which has been found useful in other contexts.[42][43][44][45]

Soon after, Nash learned from Paul Garabedian, recently returned from Italy, that the then-unknown Ennio De Giorgi had found nearly identical results for elliptic partial differential equations.[40] De Giorgi and Nash's methods had little to do with one another, although Nash's were somewhat more powerful in applying to both elliptic and parabolic equations. A few years later, inspired by De Giorgi's method, Jürgen Moser found a different approach to the same results, and the resulting body of work is now known as the De Giorgi–Nash theorem or the De Giorgi–Nash–Moser theory (which is distinct from the Nash–Moser theorem). De Giorgi and Moser's methods became particularly influential over the next several years, through their developments in the works of Olga Ladyzhenskaya, James Serrin, and Neil Trudinger, among others.[46][47] Their work, based primarily on the judicious choice of test functions in the weak formulation of partial differential equations, is in strong contrast to Nash's work, which is based on analysis of the heat kernel. Nash's approach to the De Giorgi–Nash theory was later revisited by Eugene Fabes and Daniel Stroock, initiating the re-derivation and extension of the results originally obtained from De Giorgi and Moser's techniques.[42][48]

From the fact that minimizers to many functionals in the calculus of variations solve elliptic partial differential equations, Hilbert's nineteenth problem (on the smoothness of these minimizers), conjectured almost sixty years prior, was directly amenable to the De Giorgi–Nash theory. Nash received instant recognition for his work, with Peter Lax describing it as a "stroke of genius".[40] Nash would later speculate that had it not been for De Giorgi's simultaneous discovery, he would have been a recipient of the prestigious Fields Medal in 1958.[9] Although the medal committee's reasoning is not fully known, and was not purely based on questions of mathematical merit,[49] archival research has shown that Nash placed third in the committee's vote for the medal, after the two mathematicians (Klaus Roth and René Thom) who were awarded the medal that year.[50]

Mental illness

Although Nash's mental illness first began to manifest in the form of paranoia, his wife later described his behavior as erratic. Nash thought that all men who wore red ties were part of a "crypto-communist party" who were secretly conspiring against him.[51] He mailed letters to embassies in Washington, D.C., declaring that he was establishing a government.[4][52] Nash signed these letters "John Nash, Emperor of Antarctica", a position he believed he was in line to inherit.[51] Nash's psychological issues crossed into his professional life when he gave an American Mathematical Society lecture at Columbia University in early 1959 in which he originally intended to present proof of the Riemann hypothesis. Instead the lecture was so incoherent that colleagues in the audience immediately realized that something was wrong.[53]

In April 1959, Nash was admitted to McLean Hospital for one month. Based on his paranoid, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, and increasing asociality, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia.[54][55] In 1961, Nash was admitted to the New Jersey State Hospital at Trenton.[56] Over the next nine years, he spent intervals of time in psychiatric hospitals, where he received both antipsychotic medications and insulin shock therapy.[55][57]

Although he sometimes took prescribed medication, Nash later wrote that he did so only under pressure. According to Nash, the film A Beautiful Mind inaccurately implied he was taking atypical antipsychotics. He attributed the depiction to the screenwriter who was worried about the film encouraging people with mental illness to stop taking their medication.[58]

Nash did not take any medication after 1970, nor was he committed to a hospital ever again.[59] Nash recovered gradually.[60] Encouraged by his then former wife, Alicia Lardé, Nash lived at home and spent his time in the Princeton mathematics department where his eccentricities were accepted even when his mental condition was poor. Lardé credits his recovery to maintaining "a quiet life" with social support.[4]

Nash dated the start of what he termed "mental disturbances" to the early months of 1959, when his wife was pregnant. He described a process of change "from scientific rationality of thinking into the delusional thinking characteristic of persons who are psychiatrically diagnosed as 'schizophrenic' or 'paranoid schizophrenic'".[9] For Nash, this included seeing himself as a messenger or having a special function of some kind, of having supporters and opponents and hidden schemers, along with a feeling of being persecuted and searching for signs representing divine revelation.[61] During his psychotic phase, Nash also referred to himself in the third person as "Johann von Nassau".[62]

 Nash suggested his delusional thinking was related to his unhappiness, his desire to be recognized, and his characteristic way of thinking, saying, "I wouldn't have had good scientific ideas if I had thought more normally." He also said, "If I felt completely pressureless I don't think I would have gone in this pattern".[63]

Nash reported that he started hearing voices in 1964, then later engaged in a process of consciously rejecting them.[64] He only renounced his "dream-like delusional hypotheses" after a prolonged period of involuntary commitment in mental hospitals—"enforced rationality". Upon doing so, he was temporarily able to return to productive work as a mathematician. By the late 1960s, he relapsed.[65] Eventually, he "intellectually rejected" his "delusionally influenced" and "politically oriented" thinking as a waste of effort.[9] In 1995, he said that he did not realize his full potential due to nearly 30 years of mental illness.[66]

Nash wrote in 1994:

I spent times of the order of five to eight months in hospitals in New Jersey, always on an involuntary basis and always attempting a legal argument for release. And it did happen that when I had been long enough hospitalized that I would finally renounce my delusional hypotheses and revert to thinking of myself as a human of more conventional circumstances and return to mathematical research. In these interludes of, as it were, enforced rationality, I did succeed in doing some respectable mathematical research. Thus there came about the research for "Le problème de Cauchy pour les équations différentielles d'un fluide général" (The Cauchy problem for the differential equations of a general fluid)

  ; the idea that Prof. Heisuke Hironaka called "the Nash blowing-up transformation"; and those of "Arc Structure of Singularities" and "Analyticity of Solutions of Implicit Function Problems with Analytic Data".

But after my return to the dream-like delusional hypotheses in the later 60s I became a person of delusionally influenced thinking but of relatively moderate behavior and thus tended to avoid hospitalization and the direct attention of psychiatrists.

Thus further time passed. Then gradually I began to intellectually reject some of the delusionally influenced lines of thinking which had been characteristic of my orientation. This began, most recognizably, with the rejection of politically oriented thinking as essentially a hopeless waste of intellectual effort. So at the present time I seem to be thinking rationally again in the style that is characteristic of scientists.[9]

Recognition and later career

Nash pictured in 2011

In 1978, Nash was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize for his discovery of non-cooperative equilibria, now called Nash Equilibria. He won the Leroy P. Steele Prize in 1999.

In 1994, he received the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences (along with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten) for his game theory work as a Princeton graduate student.[67] In the late 1980s, Nash had begun to use email to gradually link with working mathematicians who realized that he was the John Nash and that his new work had value. They formed part of the nucleus of a group that contacted the Bank of Sweden's Nobel award committee and were able to vouch for Nash's mental health and ability to receive the award.[68]

Nash's later work involved ventures in advanced game theory, including partial agency, which show that, as in his early career, he preferred to select his own path and problems. Between 1945 and 1996, he published 23 scientific papers.

Nash has suggested hypotheses on mental illness. He has compared not thinking in an acceptable manner, or being "insane" and not fitting into a usual social function, to being "on strike" from an economic point of view. He advanced views in evolutionary psychology about the potential benefits of apparently nonstandard behaviors or roles.[69]

Nash criticized Keynesian ideas of monetary economics which allowed for a central bank to implement monetary policies.[70] He proposed a standard of "Ideal Money" pegged to an "industrial consumption price index" which was more stable than "bad money." He noted that his thinking on money and the function of monetary authority paralleled that of economist Friedrich Hayek.[71][70]

Nash received an honorary degree, Doctor of Science and Technology, from Carnegie Mellon University in 1999, an honorary degree in economics from the University of Naples Federico II in 2003,[72] an honorary doctorate in economics from the University of Antwerp in 2007, an honorary doctorate of science from the City University of Hong Kong in 2011,[73] and was keynote speaker at a conference on game theory.[74] Nash also received honorary doctorates from two West Virginia colleges: the University of Charleston in 2003 and West Virginia University Tech in 2006. He was a prolific guest speaker at a number of events, such as the Warwick Economics Summit in 2005, at the University of Warwick.

Nash was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2006[75] and became a fellow of the American Mathematical Society in 2012.[76]

On May 19, 2015, a few days before his death, Nash, along with Louis Nirenberg, was awarded the 2015 Abel Prize by King Harald V of Norway at a ceremony in Oslo.[77]

Personal life

In 1951, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) hired Nash as a C. L. E. Moore instructor in the mathematics faculty. About a year later, Nash began a relationship with Eleanor Stier, a nurse he met while admitted as a patient. They had a son, John David Stier,[73] but Nash left Stier when she told him of her pregnancy.[78] The film based on Nash's life, A Beautiful Mind, was criticized during the run-up to the 2002 Oscars for omitting this aspect of his life. He was said to have abandoned her based on her social status, which he thought to have been beneath his.[79]

In Santa Monica, California, in 1954, while in his 20s, Nash was arrested for indecent exposure in a sting operation targeting gay men.[80] Although the charges were dropped, he was stripped of his top-secret security clearance and fired from RAND Corporation, where he had worked as a consultant.[81]

Not long after breaking up with Stier, Nash met Alicia Lardé Lopez-Harrison, a naturalized U.S. citizen from El Salvador. Lardé was a graduate of MIT with a major in physics.[9] They married in February 1957. Although Nash was an atheist,[82] the ceremony was performed in an Episcopal church.[83] In 1958, Nash was appointed to a tenured position at MIT, and his first signs of mental illness soon became evident. He resigned his position at MIT in the spring of 1959.[9] His son, John Charles Martin Nash, was born a few months later. The child was not named for a year[73] because Alicia felt that Nash should have a say in choosing the name. Due to the stress of dealing with his illness, Nash and Lardé divorced in 1963. After his final hospital discharge in 1970, Nash lived in Lardé's house as a boarder. This stability seemed to help him, and he learned how to consciously discard his paranoid delusions.[84] Princeton allowed him to audit classes. He continued to work on mathematics and was eventually allowed to teach again. In the 1990s, Lardé and Nash resumed their relationship, remarrying in 2001.

Their son John Charles Martin Nash was diagnosed with schizophrenia while in high school and did not graduate. Nonetheless he later earned a PhD in mathematics from Rutgers University.[83]

Death

On May 23, 2015, Nash and his wife died in a car accident on the New Jersey Turnpike in Monroe Township, New Jersey, while returning home from receiving the Abel Prize in Norway. The driver of the taxicab in which they were riding from Newark Airport lost control of the cab and struck a guardrail. Because neither were wearing seatbelts, both passengers were ejected and killed.[85] At the time of his death, Nash was a longtime resident of New Jersey. He was survived by two sons, John Charles Martin Nash, who lived with his parents at the time of their death, and elder child John Stier.[86]

Following his death, obituaries appeared in scientific and popular media throughout the world. In addition to their obituary for Nash,[87] The New York Times published an article containing quotes from Nash that had been assembled from media and other published sources. The quotes consisted of Nash's reflections on his life and achievements.[88]

Legacy

At Princeton in the 1970s, Nash became known as "The Phantom of Fine Hall"[89] (Princeton's mathematics center), a shadowy figure who would scribble arcane equations on blackboards in the middle of the night.

He is referred to in a novel set at Princeton, The Mind-Body Problem, 1983, by Rebecca Goldstein.[4]

Sylvia Nasar's biography of Nash, A Beautiful Mind, was published in 1998. A film by the same name was released in 2001, directed by Ron Howard with Russell Crowe playing Nash, and Jennifer Connelly playing Alicia; it won four Academy Awards, including Best Picture. For his performance as Nash, Crowe won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama at the 59th Golden Globe Awards and the BAFTA Award for Best Actor at the 55th British Academy Film Awards. Crowe was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor at the 74th Academy Awards.

Awards

Documentaries and interviews

Publication list

Four of Nash's game-theoretic papers (Nash 1950a, 1950b, 1951, 1953) and three of his pure mathematics papers (Nash 1952b, 1956, 1958) were collected in the following:

References

  1.  Goode, Erica (May 24, 2015). "John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 86". The New York Times.
  2.  "John F. Nash Jr. and Louis Nirenberg share the Abel Prize". Abel Prize. March 25, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2019. Retrieved May 27, 2015.
  3.  "John F. Nash Jr. – Facts - NobelPrize.org". NobelPrize.org. Archived from the original on July 21, 2025. Retrieved November 16, 2025.
  4.  Nasar, Sylvia (November 13, 1994). "The Lost Years of a Nobel Laureate". The New York Times. Princeton, New Jersey. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
  5.  "Oscar race scrutinizes movies based on true stories". USA Today. March 6, 2002. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
  6.  "Academy Award Winners". USA Today. March 25, 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2008.
  7.  Yuhas, Daisy (March 2013). "Throughout History, Defining Schizophrenia Has Remained A Challenge (Timeline)". Scientific American Mind. Retrieved March 2, 2013.
  8.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 1.
  9.  Nash, John F. Jr. (1995). "John F. Nash Jr. – Biographical". In Frängsmyr, Tore (ed.). The Nobel Prizes 1994: Presentations, Biographies & Lectures. Stockholm: Nobel Foundation. pp. 275–279. ISBN 978-9185848249.
  10.  "Nash recommendation letter" (PDF). p. 23. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 7, 2017. Retrieved June 5, 2015.
  11.  Kuhn, Harold W.; Nasar, Sylvia (eds.). "The Essential John Nash" (PDF). Princeton University Press. pp. Introduction, xi. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 1, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2008.
  12.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 2.
  13.  Nasar (2002), pp. xvi–xix.
  14.  Milnor, John (1998). "John Nash and 'A Beautiful Mind'" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 25 (10): 1329–1332.
  15.  "1999 Steele Prizes" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 46 (4): 457–462. April 1999. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 29, 2000.
  16.  "2012 Press Release – National Cryptologic Museum Opens New Exhibit on Dr. John Nash". National Security Agency/Central Security Service. National Security Agency. Retrieved July 30, 2022.
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  26.  Shiota, Masahiro (1987). Nash Manifolds. Lecture Notes in Mathematics. Vol. 1269. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/BFb0078571. ISBN 3540181024. MR 0904479. Zbl 0629.58002.
  27.  Artin, M.; Mazur, B. (1965). "On periodic points". Annals of Mathematics. Second Series. 81 (1): 82–99. doi:10.2307/1970384. JSTOR 1970384. MR 0176482. Zbl 0127.13401.
  28.  Gromov, Mikhaïl (2003). "On the entropy of holomorphic maps" (PDF). L'Enseignement Mathématique. Revue Internationale. 2e Série. 49 (3–4): 217–235. MR 2026895. Zbl 1080.37051.
  29.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 20.
  30.  Gromov, Misha (2016). "Introduction John Nash: theorems and ideas". In Nash, John Forbes Jr.; Rassias, Michael Th. (eds.). Open problems in mathematics. Springer, Cham. arXiv:1506.05408. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-32162-2. ISBN 978-3319321608. MR 3470099.
  31.  Nash 1954.
  32.  Eliashberg, Y.; Mishachev, N. (2002). Introduction to the h-principle. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 48. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/gsm/048. ISBN 0821832271. MR 1909245.
  33.  Gromov, Mikhael (1986). Partial differential relations. Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete (3). Vol. 9. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-02267-2. ISBN 3540121773. MR 0864505.
  34.  De Lellis, Camillo; Székelyhidi, László Jr. (2013). "Dissipative continuous Euler flows". Inventiones Mathematicae. 193 (2): 377–407. arXiv:1202.1751. Bibcode:2013InMat.193..377D. doi:10.1007/s00222-012-0429-9. MR 3090182. S2CID 2693636.
  35.  Isett, Philip (2018). "A proof of Onsager's conjecture". Annals of Mathematics. Second Series. 188 (3): 871–963. arXiv:1608.08301. doi:10.4007/annals.2018.188.3.4. MR 3866888. S2CID 119267892. Archived from the original on October 11, 2022. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
  36.  Müller, S.; Šverák, V. (2003). "Convex integration for Lipschitz mappings and counterexamples to regularity". Annals of Mathematics. Second Series. 157 (3): 715–742. arXiv:math/0402287. doi:10.4007/annals.2003.157.715. MR 1983780. S2CID 55855605.
  37.  Nash 1956.
  38.  Hamilton, Richard S. (1982). "The inverse function theorem of Nash and Moser". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 7 (1): 65–222. doi:10.1090/s0273-0979-1982-15004-2. MR 0656198. Zbl 0499.58003.
  39.  Nash 1966.
  40.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 30.
  41.  Nash 1957; Nash 1958.
  42.  Davies, E. B. (1989). Heat kernels and spectral theory. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511566158. ISBN 0521361362. MR 0990239.
  43.  Grigor'yan, Alexander (2009). Heat kernel and analysis on manifolds. AMS/IP Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 47. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. doi:10.1090/amsip/047. ISBN 978-0821849354. MR 2569498.
  44.  Kigami, Jun (2001). Analysis on fractals. Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics. Vol. 143. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521793211. MR 1840042.
  45.  Lieb, Elliott H.; Loss, Michael (2001). Analysis. Graduate Studies in Mathematics. Vol. 14 (Second edition of 1997 original ed.). Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. ISBN 0821827839. MR 1817225.
  46.  Gilbarg, David; Trudinger, Neil S. (2001). Elliptic partial differential equations of second order. Classics in Mathematics (Reprint of the second ed.). Berlin: Springer-Verlag. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-61798-0. ISBN 3540411607. MR 1814364.
  47.  Lieberman, Gary M. (1996). Second order parabolic differential equations. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc. doi:10.1142/3302. ISBN 981022883X. MR 1465184.
  48.  Fabes, E. B.; Stroock, D. W. (1986). "A new proof of Moser's parabolic Harnack inequality using the old ideas of Nash". Archive for Rational Mechanics and Analysis. 96 (4): 327–338. Bibcode:1986ArRMA..96..327F. doi:10.1007/BF00251802. MR 0855753. S2CID 189774501.
  49.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 31.
  50.  Barany, Michael (January 18, 2018). "The Fields Medal should return to its roots". Nature. 553 (7688): 271–273. Bibcode:2018Natur.553..271B. doi:10.1038/d41586-018-00513-8.
  51.  Langer, Emily (May 25, 2015). "John Nash: Mathematician who won a Nobel Prize – and inspired the Oscar-winning film 'A Beautiful Mind'". The Independent. Retrieved October 5, 2025.
  52.  Nasar (2011), p. 251.
  53.  Sabbagh, Karl (2003). Dr. Riemann's Zeros. London, England: Atlantic Books. pp. 87–88. ISBN 1843541009.
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  55.  Nasar (2011), p. 32.
  56.  O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "John Forbes Nash Jr.", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews
  57.  Ebert, Roger (2002). Roger Ebert's Movie Yearbook 2003. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0740726910. Retrieved July 10, 2008.
  58.  Greihsel, Marika (September 1, 2004). "John F. Nash Jr. – Interview". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved November 3, 2018.
  59.  Nash, John Forbes (2002). "PBS Interview: Medication". PBS. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
  60.  Nash, John "PBS Interview: How does Recovery Happen?" Archived June 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine 2002.
  61.  Nash, John "PBS Interview: Delusional Thinking" Archived October 1, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 2002.
  62.  Nasar 1998, Chapter 39.
  63.  Nash, John "PBS Interview: The Downward Spiral" Archived March 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine 2002.
  64.  Nash, John "PBS Interview: Hearing voices" Archived March 9, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. 2002.
  65.  Nash, John "PBS Interview: Paths to Recovery" Archived June 5, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. 2002.
  66.  Nash, John "John Nash: My experience with mental illness" Archived December 7, 2016, at the Wayback Machine. PBS Interview, 2002.
  67.  Nasar (2002), p. xiii.
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  71.  Nash 2002a.
  72.  Capua, Patrizia (March 19, 2003). "Napoli, laurea a Nash il 'genio dei numeri'" (in Italian). la Repubblica.it.
  73.  Suellentrop, Chris (December 21, 2001). "A Real Number". Slate. Archived from the original on January 4, 2014. Retrieved May 28, 2015. A Beautiful Mind's John Nash is nowhere near as complicated as the real one.
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  78.  Goldstein, Scott (April 10, 2005) Eleanor Stier, 84; Brookline nurse had son with Nobel laureate mathematician John F. Nash Jr., Boston.com News.
  79.  Sutherland, John (March 18, 2002) "Beautiful mind, lousy character", The Guardian, March 18, 2002.
  80.  "John Nash, mathematician – obituary". The Telegraph. May 24, 2015. Archived from the original on January 11, 2022. Retrieved August 29, 2016.
  81.  Nasar, Sylvia (March 25, 2002). "The sum of a man". The Guardian. Retrieved July 9, 2012. Contrary to widespread references to Nash's "numerous homosexual liaisons", he was not gay. While he had several emotionally intense relationships with other men when he was in his early 20s, I never interviewed anyone who claimed, much less provided evidence, that Nash ever had sex with another man. Nash was arrested in a police trap in a public lavatory in Santa Monica in 1954, at the height of the McCarthy hysteria. The military think tank where he was a consultant, stripped him of his top-secret security clearance and fired him ... The charge – indecent exposure – was dropped.
  82.  Nasar (2011), Chapter 17: Bad Boys, p. 143: "In this circle, Nash learned to make a virtue of necessity, styling himself self-consciously as a "free thinker." He announced that he was an atheist."
  83.  Livio, Susan K. (June 11, 2017). "Son of 'A Beautiful Mind' John Nash has one regret". NJ Advance Media. Retrieved June 17, 2020.
  84.  David Goodstein, 'Mathematics to Madness, and Back', The New York Times, June 11, 1998
  85.  Cabbie In Crash That Killed John Nash Began Driving Taxi Two Weeks Ago
  86.  "John Forbes Nash May Lose N.J. Home". Associated Press. March 14, 2002. Archived from the original on May 18, 2013. Retrieved February 22, 2011 – via HighBeam Research. West Windsor, N.J.: John Forbes Nash Jr., whose life is chronicled in the Oscar-nominated movie A Beautiful Mind, could lose his home if the township picks one of its proposals to replace a nearby bridge.
  87.  Goode, Erica (May 24, 2015). "John F. Nash Jr., Math Genius Defined by a 'Beautiful Mind,' Dies at 86". The New York Times. Retrieved May 24, 2015.
  88.  "The Wisdom of a Beautiful Mind". The New York Times. May 24, 2015. Retrieved May 25, 2015.
  89.  Kwon, Ha Kyung (December 10, 2010). "Nash GS '50: 'The Phantom of Fine Hall'". The Daily Princetonian. Archived from the original on May 6, 2014. Retrieved May 6, 2014.
  90.  "John F. Nash". Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  91.  "All prizes in economic sciences". The Nobel Prize. Retrieved October 10, 2022.
  92.  Fellows: Alphabetical List, Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences, archived from the original on May 10, 2019, retrieved October 9, 2019
  93.  "John F. Nash Jr.: 2010 Honoree". Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved July 16, 2014.
  94.  Kelly, Morgan (March 26, 2015). "A 'long awaited recognition': Nash receives Abel Prize for revered work in mathematics". Office of Communications. Princeton University. Retrieved October 10, 2022.

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